Parent topicMain topic1 The Earth and its oceans— 1.1 Structure of the Earth— 1.2 Plate tectonics— 1.3 Oceans and seas— 1.4 Tides and currents2 Sea water— 2.1 The water cycle— 2.2 pH and salinity— 2.3 Dissolved gases— 2.4 Density— 2.5 Effects of increasing depth— 2.6 Upwelling3 Marine organisms— 3.1 Cell structure and function— 3.2 Reproduction— 3.3 Classification— 3.4 The animal kingdom— 3.5 Plant and protoctist kingdoms— 3.6 Animal life cycles— 3.7 Migration4 Nutrients and energy— 4.1 Nutrients— 4.2 Respiration— 4.4 Feeding relationships5 Marine ecology— 5.1 Components of ecosystems— 5.2 Investigating ecosystems— 5.3 Open-ocean ecosystem— 5.4 Rocky shores— 5.5 Sedimentary shores— 5.6 Mangrove forest— 5.7 Tropical coral reefs6 Human influences on the marine environment— 6.1 Overview of human interactions with marine ecosystems— 6.2 Tourism— 6.3 Fisheries— 6.4 Aquaculture— 6.5 Energy from the oceans— 6.6 Plastic pollution— 6.7 Eutrophication— 6.8 Understanding climate change— 6.9 Conservation strategies

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